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Introducción: la automedicación en salud bucal es una práctica censurada por la biomedicina; sin embargo, es una actividad frecuente que sintetiza la interacción de las personas con diferentes modelos de atención a la salud, en donde se materializa la trama estructural y simbólica del campo sanitario. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los saberes y prácticas sobre automedicación salud bucal en Bogotá. Métodos: investigación cualitativa con enfoque etnográfico. Se utilizaron herramientas como observación participante, entrevista etnográfica y diario de campo. Se eligieron siete familias de Bogotá a partir de una muestra tipológica ideal. Resultados: existen barreras de acceso a la atención odontológica que se incrementan a través de mecanismos de segregación que se relacionan con la estructura urbana de la ciudad, barreras que motivan la utilización de diversos medicamentos frente a las dolencias. La boca tiene diversos significados. Se reconoce la caries y sus efectos, y en su prevención se usan sedas, pastas, enjuagues y cepillos, elementos que proceden de la industria farmacéutica. El padecimiento más común es la odontalgia y para tratarla se utilizan principalmente analgésicos de origen farmacéutico. Conclusiones: la automedicación en salud bucal es un proceso consciente que realizan los sujetos desde sus propios razonamientos y recursos, con el propósito de prevenir y atender sus dolencias. Esta práctica se relaciona con las representaciones sociales sobre la boca, con el acceso a los servicios de atención odontológica, y con la disposición y obtención de insumos terapéuticos.
Introduction: self-medication in oral health is a practice censured by biomedicine; however, it is a frequent activity that synthesizes the interaction of people with different models of health care, where the structural and symbolic fabric of the health field materializes. The objective was to understand the knowledge and practices on oral health self-medication in Bogota. Methods: qualitative research with ethnographic approach. Tools such as participant observation, ethnographic interview and field diary were used. Seven families from Bogota were chosen from an ideal typological sample. Results: there are barriers to access to dental care that are increased through segregation mechanisms that are related to the urban structure of the city, barriers that motivate the use of various medications in the face of ailments. The mouth has diverse meanings. Caries and its effects are recognized, and in its prevention silks, pastes, rinses and brushes are used, elements that come from the pharmaceutical industry. The most common ailment is odontalgia, and analgesics of pharmaceutical origin are mainly used to treat it. Conclusions: self-medication in oral health is a conscious process carried out by the subjects from their own reasoning and resources, to prevent and treat their ailments. This practice is related to social representations about the mouth, to access to dental care services, and to the availability and obtaining of therapeutic supplies.
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Introduction: Self-medication consists of selecting and using medication without a poprescription or guidance from a healthcare professional. This practice has been widely reported worldwide, which has contributed to a series of adverse health outcomes, such as delayed diagnosis, worsening of clinical conditions, drug interactions, intoxication, and adverse reactions, which tend to compromise patient safety. Objective:To analyze the prevalence of self-medication associated with toothache, the main factors associated with self-medication in dental patients, as well as outline the profile of medications used by these individuals, the preferred route of administration, and the main sources of medication.Methodology:Asystematic review was developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Relevant articles published in the last ten years, without limitations of language were searched using the following descriptors/MeSHterms and keywords: "self-medication" and (toothache or "dental pain") not Child. Results:The initial search returned 61 manuscripts. Fourteen papers, all cross-sectional studies, were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review.Conclusions:The prevalence of self-medication for toothache ranged from 6.5% to 100.0%. Cultural and economic factors, barriers to access, the high cost of dental treatments, lack of time and money, and the perception that dental problems are not a serious problem are among the main factors associated with the practice. Regarding the drugs used, the most used classes were paracetamol, especially anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly ibuprofen, and analgesics administered orally (AU).
Introdução:A automedicação consiste na escolha e uso de medicamentos sem prescrição ou orientação de um profissional de saúde. Essa prática tem sido amplamente divulgada em todo o mundo, o que tem contribuído para uma série de desfechos adversos à saúde, como atraso no diagnóstico, piora do quadro clínico, interações medicamentosas, intoxicações e reações adversas, que tendem a comprometer a segurança do paciente. Objetivo:Analisar a prevalência da automedicação associada à dor de dente, os principais fatores associados à automedicação em pacientes odontológicos, bem como traçar o perfil dos medicamentos utilizados por esses indivíduos, a via preferencial de administração e as principais fontes de medicação. Metodologia:Uma revisão sistemática foi desenvolvida de acordo com os itens de relatório preferidos para revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises (PRISMA). Foram pesquisados artigos relevantes publicados nos últimos dez anos, sem limitação de linguagem, utilizando os seguintes descritores/MeSHterms e palavras-chave: "self-medication" e (toothache or "dental pain") não Child. Resultados:A busca inicial encontrou61manuscritos. Quatorze artigos, de delineamento transversal,foram considerados elegíveis e incluídos para a revisão.Conclusões:A prevalência de automedicação para dor de dente variou de 6,5% a 100,0%. Fatores culturais e econômicos, barreiras de acesso, alto custo dos tratamentos odontológicos, falta de tempo e dinheiro e a percepção de que os problemas odontológicos não são um problema grave estão entre os principais fatores associados à prática. Em relação aos medicamentos utilizados, as classes mais utilizadas foram o paracetamol, principalmente os anti-inflamatórios, principalmente o ibuprofeno, e os analgésicos por via oral (AU).
Introducción: La automedicación consiste en seleccionar y utilizar medicamentos sin receta ni orientación de un profesional sanitario. Esta práctica ha sido ampliamente reportada a nivel mundial, lo que ha contribuido a una serie de resultados adversos para la salud, como retraso en el diagnóstico, empeoramiento de las condiciones clínicas, interacciones medicamentosas, intoxicaciones y reacciones adversas, que tienden a comprometer la seguridad del paciente.Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de automedicación asociada al dolor de muelas, los principales factores asociados a la automedicación en pacientes odontológicos, así como delinear el perfil de medicamentos utilizados por estos individuos, la vía de administración preferida y las principales fuentes de medicación. Metodología: Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con los Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Se buscaron artículos relevantes publicados en los últimos diez años, sin limitaciones de idioma, utilizando los siguientes descriptores/MeSHterms y palabras clave: "self-medication" y (toothache or "dental pain") not Child. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial arrojó 61 manuscritos. Catorce artículos, todos estudios transversales, fueron elegibles para su inclusión en la revisión sistemática.Conclusiones: La prevalencia de automedicación para el dolor de muelas osciló entre 6,5% y 100,0%. Los factoresculturales y económicos, las barreras de acceso, el alto costo de los tratamientos dentales, la falta de tiempo y dinero, y la percepción de que los problemas dentales no son un problema grave se encuentran entre los principales factores asociados con la práctica. En cuanto a los fármacos utilizados, las clases más utilizadas fueron el paracetamol, especialmente los antiinflamatorios, especialmente el ibuprofeno, y los analgésicos por vía oral (AU).
Subject(s)
Self Medication , Toothache , Public Health Dentistry , Drug UtilizationABSTRACT
Introduction:Self‑medication (SM) is popular globally but leads to the wastage of resources, health hazards, and resistance to pathogens. This study aims to ascertain the frequency and manner, in which SM practices were employed by the urban population of Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal. Materials and Methods: The study was an observational cross‑sectional one conducted in Burdwan Municipality, West Bengal, India, using a sample size of 180 adults (aged at least 18 years), residing in the study area, i.e., urban slum area for at least 6 months and conducted over 2 months. The data have been collected through a semi‑structured schedule consisting of questions on the sociodemographic characteristics of the study subjects and their SM practices. The data were thereafter analyzed, wherein descriptive statistics and a Chi‑square test were used. Results: It was found that SM was prevalent among 48.9% of the study population, with most participants practicing SM for body pain, headache, and fever. Among the different classes of drugs used, analgesics were the most common (31.8%), followed by antipyretics (25.0%) and antacids (20.5%). The correlation between sociodemographic characteristics and the practice of SM showed that individuals below the age of 36 were found to be more likely to engage in SM, along with individuals who had a low monthly income, and no comorbidities. These subjects were practicing SM more than their counterparts and it was statistically significant with theP < 0.05. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of awareness and education regarding the proper use of over‑the‑counter drugs and recommends educating pharmacists and the public about the same. Public health programs should be introduced for the people living in slums to create cautiousness about SM.
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La medicalización de los servicios de salud y la publicidad masiva de medicamentos en la automedicación y la polifarmacia son temas relevantes de interés mundial. Se encuentran vinculados a la calidad de vida, el deterioro de la salud, la funcionalidad, la autonomía y los actuales modelos económicos y de salud pública. Estos mal manejados perpetúan un círculo perjudicial que trasciende las políticas públicas, las naciones y la sociedad en su conjunto. Ambos modifican el pronóstico de las enfermedades de base (transmisibles o no transmisibles), las comorbilidades, y los procesos farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos, cambian su índice terapéutico, y su relación entre las concentraciones para producir efectos terapéuticos o tóxicos. Ejemplos como la insuficiencia renal atribuida al consumo frecuente de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y la suspensión de metformina en personas adultas mayores con un filtrado glomerular < 30 ml/min o la presencia de comorbilidades.
The medicalization of health services and the massive advertising of drugs in self-medication and polypharmacy are relevant issues of global interest. They are linked to the quality of life, deterioration of health and current autonomy of the economic and public health models. The medicalization of poorly managed services perpetuates a harmful circle that transcends public policies, modifying the prognosis of underlying communicable and non-communicable diseases, comorbidities, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. As a result of these problems, alterations appear in the therapeutic index and its relationship between concentrations to produce therapeutic or toxic effects. This global problem of polypharmacy in public health mainly affects the elderly.
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Background: Self-medication is defined as use of medicines without a doctor’s prescription and is frequently practiced among students in medical and nursing colleges. The purpose of this study was to compare the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication between 2nd year medical and nursing students in a government medical college of West Bengal, India. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among 2nd year medical students and nursing students and to compare their differences if any. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, and questionnaire based study conducted between two groups of students, medical, and nursing, who were interviewed with a prevalidated questionnaire. Demographic data and questions regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication were included. Details and purpose of the study were explained to the students. The collected data were analyzed statistically and the comparison between the two groups was done. Results: A total of 260 students were interviewed, of whom 231 participants were selected involving 172 medical students and 59 nursing students. Although 89% of the students have practiced self-medication within the past 1 year, only 61% students agreed recommending self-treatment to others. Accordingly, there were significant differences among the two groups in terms of source of information, preference, frequency of practice, disadvantages, and drugs/drug groups taken for self-medication. Conclusion: Self-medication is a common form of health care with potential benefits and hazards. Our study suggests self-medication being employed more commonly by medical students than their nursing counterparts. Hence, it is very important to increase the awareness about the pros and cons of self-medication for both medical and nursing students to improve their knowledge, attitude, and practice and eventually to increase the awareness in the society.
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Introduction: During the different wave of pandemic, due to various reasons self-medication practices among the public increased. Medical students are prone to such practices due to relevant background knowledge, and access to drugs. This study assessed the self-medication practice among the medial students during the different waves of pandemic of south Gujarat. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted during May to June 2022 through self-administered form among medical students of south Gujarat, India. Study questionnaire included general de-mography; most frequently practice of self-medication. drug and the reason behind it. Result: Out of total 512 respondents, 381 (74.4%) did self-medication during the pandemic. 358 individuals (94.0%) did self-medication at least one drug since the start of pandemic. The most commonly utilizing medi-cines as prophylactic was Ayurvedic preparation, Multivitamins, Zinc and Vitamin C. For treatment of symp-toms during the pandemic paracetamol (650 mg) was frequently used specially for body ache and fever. The main source of information of self-medication was internet. Conclusion: This study depicted common self-medication practices among medical students during the pan-demic. It is a significant health issue especially during the pandemic times, with high consumption reported as a prevention or treating symptoms of COVID-19.
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Introducción: La automedicación es una práctica común para aliviar síntomas de diversas enfermedades, en la población infantil como la faringoamigdalitis y la rinofaringitis que son comunes en los centros de salud del Perú. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la automedicación en niños con enfermedades de vías respiratorias altas. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional transversal analítico. El tamaño muestral fue de 206 padres de familia que acudieron con sus hijos al servicio de emergencia. Se utilizó un cuestionario aprobado por Valenzuela m. Y el programa SPSS para hallar la frecuencia, análisis bivariado y análisis multivariado regresión logística de Poisson. Resultados: la prevalencia de automedicación en niños fue de 91,3%. Los padres que solo estudiaron primaria y secundaria tuvieron mayor probabilidad de automedicar a sus hijos RPa=1,22 (IC 95%: 1,01-1,40). Los primogénitos estuvieron protegidos ante la automedicación RPa=0,86 (IC 95% :0,76-0,97). Los padres que tenían un rango de edad entre 20 a 29 años obtuvieron RPa=1,04 (IC 95%: 0,96-1,13), los niños menores de 7 años, RPa=0,99 (IC 95%: 0,91-1,07) y los padres de familia que tenían 1 hijo RPa=1,04 (IC 95%:0,90-1,20). Conclusiones: El nivel educativo y el número de orden del hijo como ser el primogénito tuvieron asociación significativa con la automedicación en niños.
Introduction: self-medication is a common practice to alleviate symptoms of various diseases, in the child population such as pharyngitis and rhinopharyngitis that are common in health centers in Peru. Objective: to determine the factors associated with self-medication in children with upper respiratory tract diseases. Material and methods: analytical cross-sectional observational study. The sample size was 206 parents who went with their children to the emergency service. A questionnaire approved by Valenzuela m was used. And the SPSS program to find the frequency, the bivariate analysis and the multivariate analysis of Poisson logistic regression. Results: the prevalence of self-medication in children was 91,3%. Parents who only studied primary and secondary school were more likely to self-medicate their children PRa=1,22 (95% CI: 1,01-1,40). The first-born were protected from self-medication PRa=0,86 (95% CI: 0,76-0,97). Parents who were between 20 and 29 years of age obtained PRa=1,04 (95% CI: 0,96-1,13), children under 7 years old, PRa=0,99 (95% ci: 0,91-1,07) and parents of family that had 1 child PRa=1,04 (95% CI:0,90-1,20). Conclusions: the educational level and the order number of the child, such as being the first-born, had a significant association with self-medication in children.
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INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance developed through the inadequate use of antibiotics; is an overriding task for global public health. OBJECTIVE: To explore awareness, knowledge, and practices, and compare the elements associated with antibiotic misuse in different University students and uneducated people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2020 using a validated questionnaire. Data were collected from eleven different university students and uneducated people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. RESULTS: 3,600 questionnaires were completed, consisting of 56.9% Male and 43.0% Female. 1,999 (55.5%) of the antibiotic users reported through the survey used non-prescription antibiotics within a one-month study period. Out of the participants, 230 (6.3%) were uneducated or their education level was below matric rest were university students. 1999 (55.5%) reported buying Antibiotics with Medical Prescription. Most self-medicated participants (56.9%) stop taking antibiotics when they feel better. More than 90% of the respondents answered that doctors and pharmacist staff do not guide them well that how to use antibiotics. 2,171 (60.03%) respondents mistakenly believed that antibiotics improve restoration from coughs and colds. Only 720 (20%) respondents knew that antibiotics also disturb normal flora and 547 participants (15.9%) agree that unnecessary use of antibiotics causes bacterial resistance. CONCLUSION: Finding from this study may have important implications for public health policy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan given the growing global resistance to antibiotics and the reported health issues related to their improper use.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Self Medication , Students , Universities , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Pakistan , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
O abandono do tratamento de tuberculose é uma questão relevante e preocu- pante na saúde pública mundial. Mediante uma revisão integrativa, esse estudo busca identificar os possíveis fatores que levam ao abandono do tratamento. Foi realizada pes- quisa em estudos indexados nas bases de dados: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), no período de 2017 a 2021, utilizando-se os seguintes descritores (DeCS): tuberculose, agente antituberculose e tuberculose pul- monar. Ao fim, foram selecionados onze estudos, publicados nos idiomas português, es- panhol e inglês. Os resultados mostraram que o abandono está relacionado a fatores de diversas esferas, com destaque para as esferas social, da saúde e a do próprio tratamento. Como perfil das pessoas dos casos de abandono, em geral, observou-se que elas são eco- nomicamente ativas, com faixa etária entre 15 e 49 anos, possuem baixa escolaridade, baixa renda e é comum que os usos abusivos de álcool e drogas sejam apresentados como comorbidades relevantes. Portanto, o trabalho evidenciou os principais fatores associados ao abandono do tratamento de tuberculose e a importância da participação de diferentes atores como forças que somarão para diminuir a ocorrência do problema em questão.
Introduction: Currently, it is understood that bacterial resistance is an ecological event arising from mutations, or selection, occurring as a response to the use of antibiotics and their presence in the environment, causing the change of genes. Objective: To evaluate how the indiscriminate use of antibiotics affects bacterial resistance. Materials and Methods: This is a bibliographical research of the integrative literature review type. Results: The practice and indiscriminate use of medication result from sociocultural factors, economic conditions, access to health services, malpractice in medication prescription and lack of surveillance when purchasing medication. The presence of "home pharmacies" in the study was considered alarming, being a risk factor for the self-medication of antibiotics, such stored drugs show a possible non-completion of a treatment in an adequate period, justified by the absence of pain symptoms, or by individuals who did not consider the drug to be effective. Conclusion: It is necessary to comply with existing legislation in order to regulate the sale of antibiotics and prevent the irrational use of drugs.
Introducción: Actualmente, se entiende que la resistencia bacteriana es un evento ecológico derivado de mutaciones, o selección, que ocurre como respuesta al uso de antibióticos y su presencia en el ambiente, provocando el cambio de genes. Objetivo: Evaluar cómo el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos afecta la resistencia bacteriana. Materiales y Métodos: Se trata de una investigación bibliográfica del tipo revisión integradora de literatura. Resultados: La práctica y uso indiscriminado de medicamentos resultan de factores socioculturales, condiciones económicas, acceso a los servicios de salud, mala práctica en la prescripción de medicamentos y falta de vigilancia en la compra de medicamentos. Se consideró alarmante la presencia de "farmacias domiciliarias" en el estudio, siendo un factor de riesgo para la automedicación de antibióticos, tales medicamentos almacenados evidencian una posible no finalización de un tratamiento en un período adecuado, justificado por la ausencia de síntomas de dolor , o por personas que no consideraron que el fármaco fuera eficaz. Conclusión: Es necesario cumplir con la legislación vigente para regular la venta de antibióticos y prevenir el uso irracional de medicamentos.
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Os medicamentos são uma importante fonte tática de ação em saúde, quando usados para prevenção, alívio, diagnóstico ou cura de algumas enfermidades. Entretanto, apesar dos benefícios de tratar diversas doenças, os medicamentos podem trazer consigo riscos, como efeitos colaterais graves à saúde do usuário, além de possibilitar a resistência microbiana. O consumo excessivo de medicamentos sem prescrição é considerado um grande problema na saúde pública e vem sendo acentuado desde o período pandêmico da COVID-19 disso, partindo do princípio de que os fármacos podem desencadear reações adversas e apresentar danos à saúde, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir o uso irracional de medicamentos e destacar os medicamentos mais utilizados pela população na pandemia da COVID-19. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico de 12 artigos científicos do ano de 2020 a 2022. Destaca- se que o uso indevido de medicamentos consiste em uma prática corriqueira na sociedade e a automedicação durante o período da pandemia apresentou-se como um risco à população. Os medicamentos mais citados na pesquisa foram a azitromicina e a ivermectina.
Medications are an important tactical source of health action, when used for prevention, relief, diagnosis or cure of some diseases. However, despite the benefits of treating various diseases, medications can bring with them risks, such as serious side effects to the user's health, as well as enabling microbial resistance. The excessive consumption of non-prescription drugs is considered a major problem in public health and has been accentuated since the pandemic period of COVID-19 of this, assuming that drugs can trigger adverse reactions and present damage to health, the aim of this article is to discuss the irrational use of medicines and highlight the most commonly used drugs by the population in the pandemic of COVID-19. This is an integrative literature review study. A literature survey of 12 scientific articles from the year 2020 to 2022 was conducted. It is noteworthy that the misuse of medicines is a common practice in society and self-medication during the pandemic period presented itself as a risk to the population. The most cited drugs in the survey were azithromycin and ivermectin.
Los medicamentos son una importante fuente táctica de acción sanitaria, cuando se utilizan para prevenir, aliviar, diagnosticar o curar algunas enfermedades. Sin embargo, a pesar de los beneficios en el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades, los medicamentos pueden traer consigo riesgos, como graves efectos secundarios para la salud del usuario, además de posibilitar la resistencia microbiana. El consumo excesivo de medicamentos de venta libre es considerado un gran problema de salud pública y se ha acentuado desde el período de la pandemia de COVID-19 de esto, asumiendo que los medicamentos pueden desencadenar reacciones adversas y presentar daños a la salud, el objetivo de este artículo es discutir el uso irracional de medicamentos y destacar los fármacos más utilizados por la población en la pandemia de COVID-19. Se trata de un estudio de revisión bibliográfica integradora. Se realizó un estudio bibliográfico de 12 artículos científicos del año 2020 al 2022. Se destaca que el uso indebido de medicamentos es una práctica común en la sociedad y la automedicación durante el período pandémico se presentó como un riesgo para la población. Los medicamentos más citados en la encuesta fueron la azitromicina y la ivermectina.
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Introdução: A acne vulgar é uma doença de pele que, com o advento das mídias sociais, ficou mais suscetível à propagação de informações não confiáveis. Objetivos: Este trabalho objetiva caracterizar a influência das mídias sociais na escolha do tratamento da acne vulgar sem orientação médica, identificar complicações do manejo inadequado, destacar a mídia social mais influente para esta finalidade e a qualidade de vida desses pacientes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo e de abordagem quantitativa, cuja amostra foi composta por 306 usuários de mídias sociais maiores de 18 anos. Após a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), dados foram coletados por meio de um formulário autoaplicável junto com o questionário "Índice de Qualidade de Vida em Dermatologia - DLQI-BRA", via "google forms", por 30 dias. Os dados foram trabalhados em documento online e analisados conforme estatística descritiva. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram grande impacto, principalmente da rede social Instagram, na disseminação de conteúdo sobre o assunto e destacaram o médico dermatologista nas redes sociais como a principal fonte de informações eleita pelo público. Conclusões: O público mostrou-se rigoroso quanto à qualidade das informações, porém ainda são necessárias maior inserção de profissionais capacitados e informações baseadas em evidências científicas nas redes sociais.
Introduction: Acne Vulgaris is a skin disease that, with the advent of social media, has become more susceptible to the spread of unreliable information. Objective: This study aims to characterize the influence of social media on the treatment choice for Acne Vulgaris without medical advice, identify complications of inadequate treatments, and highlight the most influential social media for this purpose and the life quality of these patients. Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach whose sample consisted of 306 social media users over 18 years of age. After signing the Informed Consent ("Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido - TCLE)" the data was collected through a self-administered form along with the questionnaire "Dermatology Life Quality Index - DLQI-BRA" via "Google forms" over 30 days. The data was then tabulated online and analyzed according to descriptive statistics. Results: The results showed a great impact, especially from "Instagram", in the dissemination of content on the subject and highlighted the role of the dermatologist on social networks as the source of information chosen by the public. Conclusions: The public was strict about the quality of the information, but there is still a need for greater insertion of trained professionals and information based on scientific evidence on social media.
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Objetivo: Describir los factores de riesgo vinculados al almacenamiento excesivo de medicamentos en hogares urbanos de una región en México. Material y Método: Utilizando una encuesta virtual, se recopilaron datos sociodemográficos de los miembros del hogar y detalles sobre los medicamentos almacenados. Los datos se analizaron mediante medidas de tendencia central, dispersión y pruebas de Odds Ratio y Chi cuadrado para analizar asociaciones significativas entre variables. Resultados: De un total de 300 hogares encuestados, el 20% tenían niños menores de cinco años, el 25,3% tenían adultos mayores y el 78,5% disponían de seguridad social. Además, se observó una mayor prevalencia de analgésicos (99%), antiinflamatorios (92%) y antipiréticos (89%) en comparación con otros grupos de medicamentos. La mayoría de las familias optaba por contenedores de plástico para almacenar los fármacos. El 51% informó poseer medicamentos caducados en sus hogares, pese a que todos los encuestados hayan afirmado seguir buenas prácticas en relación con el almacenamiento. Conclusión: Se determina que los adultos mayores, la seguridad social y la presencia de enfermedades crónicas son factores de riesgo significativos para el almacenamiento excesivo, siendo la acumulación de medicamentos caducados, una consecuencia de tal fenómeno.
Objective: To describe the risk factors associated with excessive medication storage in urban households in a region of Mexico. Materials and Methods: A virtual survey was used to collect sociodemographic data of household members and details concerning stored medications. Data were analyzed using measures of central tendency, dispersion, and odds Ratio and Chi-square tests to explore significant associations between variables. Results: Of the 300 surveyed households, 20% had children under the age of five, 25.3% had elderly adults, and 78.5% had social security coverage. In addition, a higher prevalence of analgesics (99%), anti-inflammatories (92%), and antipyretics (89%) was observed compared to other medication categories. Plastic containers were the preferred choice of most families for storing medication. 51% percent reported having expired medications at home, despite all respondents claiming to adhere to proper storage practices. Conclusion: It was determined that elderly people, social security coverage, and the presence of chronic illnesses are significant risk factors for excessive storage, with the accumulation of expired medications being a consequence of this phenomenon.
Objetivo: Descrever os fatores de risco associados ao armazenamento excessivo de medicamentos em domicílios urbanos de uma região do México. Material e Método: Utilizando uma pesquisa virtual, foram coletados dados sociodemográficos dos membros da família e detalhes sobre os medicamentos armazenados. Os dados foram analisados por meio de medidas de tendência central, dispersão e testes de Odds Ratio e Qui-quadrado para explorar associações significativas entre variáveis. Resultados: De um total de 300 domicílios pesquisados, 20% tinham crianças menores de cinco anos, 25,3% tinham adultos idosos e 78,5% possuíam cobertura de seguridade social. Além disso, foi observada uma maior prevalência de analgésicos (99%), anti-inflamatórios (92%) e antipiréticos (89%) em comparação com outras categorias de medicamentos. A maioria das famílias preferia recipientes de plástico para o armazenamento dos medicamentos. 51% relataram possuir medicamentos vencidos em casa, apesar de todos os entrevistados afirmarem aderir às práticas adequadas de armazenamento. Conclusão: Estabelece-se que adultos idosos, cobertura de seguridade social e a presença de doenças crônicas são fatores de risco significativos para o armazenamento excessivo, sendo o acúmulo de medicamentos vencidos uma consequência desse fenômeno.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha observado desde el inicio de la pandemia cómo ha evolucionado y deteriorado la salud de los estudiantes principalmente en carreras del área de la salud, llevando a una parte de ellos a la automedicación OBJETIVO: Analizar la evidencia científica respecto a la automedicación en estudiantes del área de la salud en relación a problemas de salud mental en la pandemia COVID-19. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una revisión narrativa, la investigación se realizó desde abril hasta diciembre del año 2022, los textos incluidos fueron en idioma español, inglés y portugués. Se utilizaron 4 bases de datos. RESULTADOS: 4 artículos fueron identificados y rescatados, 3 latinoamericanos en específico todos de Brasil y un asiático, de universidades tanto públicas como privadas, todas las investigaciones tuvieron el denominador común COVID-19 y su correlación con automedicación solo en estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud, todas publicadas solo entre 2020 y 2022. CONCLUSIONES: Las carreras del ámbito de la salud que más se automedicaron son en orden: medicina, enfermería y farmacia. Los fármacos más utilizados fueron: ansiolíticos, antidepresivos e hipnóticos. Los trastornos de salud mental más evidenciados para la automedicación fueron ansiedad, depresión, alteración en los patrones del sueño, estrés, miedo, crisis de angustia, confusión, impotencia e ira, todas como efectos pandémicos. La automedicación es más frecuente a medida que los estudiantes van avanzando en su formación académica. Factores para la automedicación fueron problemas en el ámbito socioeconómico-familiar, falta de acceso a internet, falta de actividades prácticas, posible contagio.
BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the pandemic, it has been observed that the health of students, especially those in health-related careers, has evolved and deteriorated, leading some to self-medication OBJECTIVE: To analyze the scientific evidence regarding self-medication of students in the health professions, in relation to mental health problems associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY: A narrative review was conducted; the research was carried out from April to December 2022 based on texts in Spanish, English, and Portuguese. 4 databases were used. RESULTS: 4 articles were identified and selected: 3 from Latin America, specifically from Brazil, and one Asian. The articles were from both public and private universities. All the investigations had the common denominator of COVID-19 and its correlation with self-medication in university students from the health professions. All were published between 2020 and 2022. CONCLUSIONS: The health professions careers that include the most self-medicating students are, in order, medicine, nursing and pharmacy. The drugs most used for self-medication are anxiolytics, antidepressants, and hypnotics. The most common mental health disorders for self-medication are anxiety, depression, altered sleep patterns, stress, fear, panic attacks, confusion, impotence, and anger; all as pandemic effects. Self-medication is more common as students' progress in their academic training. Factors for self-medication include problems in the socioeconomic-family environment, lack of internet access, lack of practical activities, and possible contagion.
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ABSTRACT Objetive: Studies have shown that the practice of self-medicating children occurs worldwide and is independent of the country's economic level, medication policies, or access to health services. This study aimed to estimate and characterize the prevalence of self-medication in the Brazilian population of children aged up to 12 years. Methods: We analyzed the data of 7528 children aged up to 12 years whose primary caregivers responded to the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines in Brazil (PNAUM), a cross-sectional population-based study conducted in 245 Brazilian municipalities. The prevalence of self-medication was defined as the use of at least one medication without a doctor's or dentist's indication 15 days before the interview. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was 22.2% and was more frequent in older children belonging to poorer families and without health insurance. The acute conditions for which there was a higher frequency of self-medication were pain, fever, and cold/allergic rhinitis. Analgesics/antipyretics stood out among the most used medications for self-medication. Conclusions: The prevalence of self-medication to treat acute conditions was high in Brazilian children sampled in PNAUM, emphasizing the management of common symptoms such as pain, fever, and cold/allergic rhinitis in this age group. These findings reinforce the need for educational actions aimed at parents and caregivers.
RESUMO Objetivo: Estudos têm mostrado que a prática de automedicar crianças ocorre mundialmente e independe do nível econômico do país, das políticas de medicamentos ou do acesso aos serviços de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar e caracterizar a prevalência de uso de medicamentos por automedicação na população brasileira de crianças de zero a 12 anos de idade. Métodos: Foram analisadas informações de 7.528 crianças de zero a 12 anos cujo cuidador principal respondeu à Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil (PNAUM), estudo transversal de base populacional realizado em 245 municípios brasileiros. A prevalência de automedicação foi definida como o uso de pelo menos um medicamento sem indicação de médico ou dentista nos 15 dias anteriores à entrevista. Resultados: A prevalência de automedicação foi de 22,2% e foi mais frequente nas crianças mais velhas e pertencentes a famílias mais pobres e sem plano de saúde. As condições agudas para as quais houve maior frequência de automedicação foram dor, febre, resfriado e rinite alérgica. Analgésicos/antipiréticos destacaram-se entre os medicamentos mais utilizados por automedicação. Conclusões: A prevalência de automedicação no manejo de condições agudas foi elevada nas crianças brasileiras amostradas na PNAUM, com destaque para o manejo de sintomas comuns nessa faixa etária, como dor, febre, resfriado e rinite alérgica. Esses achados reforçam a necessidade de ações educativas voltadas aos pais e cuidadores.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To construct, validate, and apply a questionnaire to assess and characterize the practice of self-medication performed by parents or children's guardians undergoing dental care. Material and Methods: A questionnaire was constructed, validated, and applied through personal interviews in the teaching clinics of two higher education institutions in the Federal District. Absolute and relative frequencies of categorical variables were calculated using descriptive statistics. Quantitative data were presented as mean and standard deviation. The chi-square test measured the association between the studied variables and self-medication. Results: One hundred and five participants were interviewed between August 2019 and November 2020. The average age of the participants was 37 (± 9) years, and most were mothers of the children who attended (78%) and users of the public health system (94.2%). The average family income was 1.88 minimum wage, and the most prevalent educational level was complete high school (40%). Conclusion: Despite the high level of knowledge about medication safety in children, self-medication was practiced in 50% of them. Difficulty in accessing dental treatment was mentioned by most as a justification. Self-medication was associated with dental pain, continuous medication use, and family self-medication habits.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Self Medication , Toothache , Child , Dental Care , Socioeconomic Factors , Facial Pain/etiology , Chi-Square Distribution , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , Surveys and Questionnaires , Prevalence RatioABSTRACT
A automedicação pediátrica ocorre quando pais ou responsáveis usam medicamentos sem prescrição para tratar doenças ou sintomas reconhecidos nas crianças. Analisar o perfil da automedicação pediátrica em um hospital de alta complexidade no interior do Ceará. Trata-se de um estudo transversal baseado na técnica de entrevista, realizado com 135 pais/responsáveis de crianças com idade entre 0 a 12 anos que procuraram atendimento hospitalar entre novembro de 2020 e março de 2021. Observou-se uma prevalência de automedicação de 60%. Quanto à frequência, 43,2% dos entrevistados relataram realizar às vezes. Destes, a maioria era: mãe (94,3%; p<0,0001), com 17 a 27 anos (48,6%; p<0,0001) e renda familiar de menos de 1 salário mínimo (57,1%; p=0,020); 59,3% apontaram como motivo considerar o problema de saúde simples. A principal causa da automedicação foi a febre e os medicamentos mais utilizados foram analgésicos e antipiréticos. A predominância da automedicação pediátrica pelas mães deve-se à experiência com seus outros filhos. Além disso, as condições socioeconômicas influenciaram as práticas errôneas da automedicação, pois as famílias que não possuem recursos para a consulta e compra dos fármacos acabam optando pela autoadministração. O uso indiscriminado de medicações deve ser reprimido, pois, a depender da dose, consequências graves podem ocorrer às crianças. Destaca-se a importância da equipe multiprofissional de saúde durante uma consulta pediátrica, com médicos, enfermeiros e farmacêuticos repassando aos pais informações a respeito dos medicamentos, seus benefícios e riscos, desestimulando a prática nesta faixa populacional e reduzindo os erros de medicação.
Pediatric self-medication occurs when parents or guardians use over-the-counter medications to treat recognized illnesses or symptoms in children. To analyze the profile of pediatric self-medication in a high-complexity hospital in the interior of Ceará. This is a cross-sectional study based on the interview technique, carried out with 135 parents/guardians of children aged 0 to 12 years old who sought hospital care between November 2020 and March 2021. There was a prevalence of self-medication of 60%. As for frequency, 43.2% of respondents reported doing it sometimes. Of these, the majority were: mothers (94.3%; p<0.0001); aged 17 to 27 years old (48.6%; p<0.0001); family income of less than 1 minimum wage (57.1 %; p=0.020); and 59.3% indicated that their reason for medicating was that they considered the health problem as simple. The main cause of self-medication was fever, and the most used drugs were analgesics and antipyretics. The predominance of pediatric self-medication by mothers is due to their experience with their other children. In addition, socioeconomic conditions influenced the erroneous practices of self-medication, as families that do not have the resources to consult and purchase drugs end up opting for self-administration. The indiscriminate use of medications must be repressed, because, depending on the dose, serious consequences can occur to children. The importance of a multidisciplinary health team during a pediatric consultation is highlighted, with doctors, nurses, and pharmacists providing parents with information about medication, their benefits and risks, discouraging the practice in this population group and reducing medication errors.
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O desconhecimento sobre medicamentos para prevenir ou tratar a COVID-19, bem como o uso de prescrições anteriores e o armazenamento de medicamentos em casa podem estimular a automedicação. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a prática da automedicação em indivíduos paranaenses adultos durante o período da pandemia da COVID-19. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo quantitativo-descritivo e transversal com distribuição on-line de questionários alcançando paranaenses com idade ≥18 anos. Os resultados mostram que pacientes (n=329) entre 18-37 anos foram os mais abordados. Aproximadamente 24% se automedicaram, influenciados principalmente por possuírem o medicamento em casa (21%) ou por familiar ou amigos (13%). A automedicação na prevenção da COVID-19 foi frequente para vitaminas (28%) e ivermectina (20%). Já o uso de medicamentos sem prescrição utilizados em sintomas respiratórios foi em grande maioria com analgésicos/antitérmicos (17%) e relaxantes musculares (10%). Além disso, participantes com positividade para a COVID-19 se automedicaram com vitaminas (6%); ivermectina ou nitazoxanida (4%); e analgésicos/antitérmicos (3%). O uso da ivermectina ou nitazoxanida para a COVID-19 não comprovada cientificamente para esta finalidade. Por fim, a automedicação para sintomas não respiratórios foi maior nos analgésicos e antitérmicos (14%), relaxantes musculares (9%) e laxantes (9%). Apesar de pouco utilizada, a automedicação com cloroquina/hidroxicloriquina foi citada, mesmo sem estudo de eficácia para a COVID-19. Conclui-se que, mais da metade dos participantes paranaenses adultos realizaram automedicação durante a pandemia da COVID-19, sendo que as classes medicamentosas mais frequentes foram analgésicos/antitérmicos, relaxantes musculares, laxantes, vitaminas e ivermectina.
The lack of knowledge about medications to prevent or treat COVID-19, as well as the use of previous prescriptions and the storage of medicines at home, can encourage self-medication. Thus, this work aimed to study the practice of self medication in adult individuals from Paraná during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, a quantitative-descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out with the online distribution of questionnaires reaching people from Paraná aged ≥18 years old. The results show that participants (n=329) between 18-37 years old were the most frequent responders. Approximately 24% self-medicated, influenced mainly by having the medication at home (21%) or by family members or friends (13%). Self-medication with vitamins (28%) and ivermectin (20%) in preventing COVID-19 was frequent. However, over-the-counter drugs used for respiratory symptoms were mostly analgesics/antipyretics (17%) and muscle relaxants (10%). Additionally, participants who tested positive for COVID-19 self-medicated with vitamins (6%), ivermectin or nitazoxanide (4%), and analgesics/antipyretics (3%). The use of ivermectin or nitazoxanide for COVID-19 has not been scientifically proven for this purpose. Finally, self-medication for non-respiratory symptoms was higher for analgesics and antipyretics (14%), muscle relaxants (9%), and laxatives (9%). Although little used, self-medication with chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine was cited, even without an efficacy study for COVID-19. It is concluded that more than half of the adult participants from Paraná self-medicated during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the most frequent drug classes being analgesics/antipyretics, muscle relaxants, laxatives, vitamins, and ivermectin.
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Introducción: La automedicación puede generar reacciones adversas, interacciones medicamentosas, retraso y fallo en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad, resistencia a los antibióticos y pérdida de recursos sanitarios. Durante la pandemia por COVID-19 se reporta que la frecuencia de reacciones adversas por automedicación se ha duplicado. Objetivo: Identificar las diversas causas y factores que inciden en la automedicación por COVID-19 en internos rotativos de Enfermería, del Hospital General "Luis Gabriel Dávila" de Tulcán, Ecuador. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo-analítico-correlacional, sobre la automedicación en 64 internos rotativos de Enfermería de dicha institución en el periodo 2020-2021. Se utilizaron los métodos: del nivel empírico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, histórico-lógico. El cuestionario fue la técnica aplicada para caracterizar el estado actual. Los datos recolectados se exportaron a Microsoft Excel v.2013. Resultados: El 50,3 % de los internos de Enfermería se medicaron de forma frecuente, el 60,9 % se automedicó con analgésicos ante la presencia de síntomas por COVID-19. El 29,7 % presentó dolor de garganta como sintomatología de COVID-19, seguido por fiebre con el 26, 5 %. El 78,1 % utilizó la vía oral. El 55,0 % de estos internos siempre tuvo libre acceso a los medicamentos en sus rotaciones; lo que incitó al 42,2 % a la automedicación. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos sirven para caracterizar la problemática de la automedicación por COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios y brindar información para el planteamiento de estrategias que reduzcan su impacto negativo. Las autoridades universitarias y sanitarias deben dedicar esfuerzos ante la problemática de la automedicación por COVID-19, dado que es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial.
Introduction: Self-medication can generate adverse reactions, drug interactions, delay and failure in the diagnosis of the disease, resistance to antibiotics and loss of health resources. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is reported that the frequency of adverse reactions due to self-medication has doubled. Objective: To identify the various causes and factors that affect self-medication by COVID-19 in rotating Nursing interns at the Hospital General "Luis Gabriel Dávila" in Tulcán, Ecuador. Method: A descriptive-analytical-correlational cross-sectional study was carried out on self-medication in 64 rotating Nursing interns of said institution in the period 2020-2021. Methods were used: empirical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, historical-logical level. The questionnaire was the technique applied to characterize the current state. The collected data was exported to Microsoft Excel v.2013. Results: 50.3% of Nursing inmates took frequent medication, 60.9% self-medicated with analgesics in the presence of symptoms due to COVID-19. 29.7% presented sore throat as a symptom of COVID-19, followed by fever with 26.5%. 78.1% used the oral route. 55.0% of these inmates always had free access to medications in their rotations; which prompted 42.2% to self-medication. Conclusions: The results obtained serve to characterize the problem of self-medication by COVID-19 in university students and provide information for the formulation of strategies that reduce its negative impact. The university and health authorities must dedicate efforts to the problem of self-medication by COVID-19, since it is a public health problem worldwide.
Introdução: A automedicação pode gerar reações adversas, interações medicamentosas, atraso e falha no diagnóstico da doença, resistência a antibióticos e perda de recursos de saúde. Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, foi relatado que a frequência de reações adversas devido à automedicação dobrou. Objetivo: Identificar as várias causas e fatores que afetam a automedicação por COVID-19 em internos de enfermagem rotativos no Hospital General "Luis Gabriel Dávila" em Tulcán, Equador. Método: Realizou-se um estudo transversal descritivo-analítico-correlacional sobre a automedicação em 64 internos rotativos de Enfermagem da referida instituição no período 2020-2021. Os métodos utilizados foram: nível empírico, analítico-sintético, indutivo-dedutivo, histórico-lógico. O questionário foi a técnica aplicada para caracterizar o estado atual. Os dados coletados foram exportados para o Microsoft Excel v.2013. Resultados: 50,3% dos reclusos de Enfermagem tomavam medicação frequente, 60,9% automedicavam-se com analgésicos na presença de sintomas devido à COVID-19. 29,7% apresentaram dor de garganta como sintoma de COVID-19, seguido de febre com 26,5%. 78,1% utilizaram a via oral. 55,0% desses internos sempre tiveram livre acesso a medicamentos em seus rodízios; o que levou 42,2% à automedicação. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos servem para caracterizar o problema da automedicação por COVID-19 em estudantes universitários e fornecer informações para a formulação de estratégias que reduzam seu impacto negativo. A universidade e as autoridades de saúde devem dedicar esforços ao problema da automedicação por COVID-19, uma vez que é um problema de saúde pública mundial.
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The rampant practice of self-medication is indicative of very strong existing push and pulls factors. These factors could be economic, social or systemic. Despite having some beneficial effects, selfmedication has life-threatening consequences. This study was aimed to determine the factors which push users to medicine sources or factors at the sources which pull users. A pre-validated questionnaire was administered to participants. Data were collected and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and the results expressed as frequencies and percentages. From the total of 650 respondents, poverty was found to be the major push factor for 360 participants (55.39%), followed by unprofessionalism, friends' advice, previous use of medicine, lack of time, and poor price regulation as others. Low cost of medicines was found to pull 402 (61.8%) users to sources of medicines for self-medication. More than 300 of the respondents found easy access to medicine and advertising as strong pull factors. Other important pull factors include quick and time-saving, proliferation of medicine vendors, hospital crowds, and inadequate prescription checks at sources of medication. Poverty is a major push factor for self-medication, further compounded by quick access to illicit sources of medication. Consequently, users get pulled to cheaper sources, which unfortunately sell poor quality medicines, lack the expertise, or do not check prescription. Price control is required to ensure that quality medicines are accessible to users. Imposing physician prescription at all medicine sales points is a crucial step to fight the deleterious consequences of self-medication. Although self-medication has some positive elements, its practice needs to be put under control to avoid grappling with long term health complications.
Subject(s)
Humans , Self Medication , Therapeutics , Poverty , Low Cost TechnologyABSTRACT
Background: The WHO defines the use of medications without prior medical consultation regarding indication, dosage and duration of treatment as self-medication. The practice is a global problem. Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to describe the care seeking behavior of rural self-medicators living in Amdanga Block of West Bengal and to assess the belief in medicines by the self-medicators. Material & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by interviewing with a pretested semi-structured questionnaire on 665 self-medicators out of 1740 adults who were interviewed in 80 villages of Amdanga Block, West Bengal. A three-stage sampling method was used to reach the study population. A three month recall on self-medication practice was considered operationalizing the “pull” and “push” factors of self-medicators using a Pshycho-social framework. The variables were Socio-demographic factors, Care Seeking Behaviors, Health System related factors, Belief in Medicines according to the framework. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was found to be 38.2%. 63% of the study subjects were female and 56.3% had a literacy status of middle school and above. 54.4% relied on their old prescription for self-medication. 68.7% had an initial choice to consult a doctor but later self-medicated of whom 53.2% changed their choice due to monetary and transport issues while 38.5% thought of self-medication considering their disease was mild in nature. Conclusion: Awareness and health education can link rural subjects with primary care facility and right decisions on care can be provided.